Available Sites

Please select your location and the type of investor you are so we can share the most relevant information with you.

For Institutional / Wholesale / Professional Clients

The content on this website is intended for institutional and professional investors in the United States only and is not suitable for individual investors or non-U.S. entities. Institutional and professional investors include pension funds, investment companies registered under the Investment Company Act of 1940, financial intermediaries, consultants, endowments and foundations, and investment advisors registered under the Investment Advisors Act of 1940.

TERMS AND CONDITIONS OF USE

Please read the information below. By accessing this web site of Thornburg Investment Management, Inc. ("Thornburg" or "we"), you acknowledge that you understand and accept the following terms and conditions of use.

Disclaimers

Products or services mentioned on this site are subject to legal and regulatory requirements in applicable jurisdictions and may not be licensed or available in all jurisdictions and there may be restrictions or limitations to whom this information may be made available. Unless otherwise indicated, no regulator or government authority has reviewed the information or the merits of the products and services referenced herein. Past performance is not a reliable indicator of future performance. Investments carry risks, including possible loss of principal.

Reference to a fund or security anywhere on this website is not a recommendation to buy, sell or hold that or any other security. The information is not a complete analysis of every material fact concerning any market, industry, or investment, nor is it intended to predict the performance of any investment or market.

All opinions and estimates included on this website constitute judgements of Thornburg as at the date of this website and are subject to change without notice.

All information and contents of this website are furnished "as is." Data has been obtained from sources considered reliable, but Thornburg makes no representation as to the completeness or accuracy of such information and has no obligation to provide updates or changes. Thornburg disclaims, to the fullest extent of the law, any implied or express warranty of any kind, including without limitation the implied warranties of merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose and non-infringement.

If you live in a state that does not allow disclaimers of implied warranties, our disclaimer may not apply to you.

Although Thornburg intends the information contained in this website to be accurate and reliable, errors sometimes occur. Thornburg does not warrant that the information to be free of errors, that the functions contained in the site will be uninterrupted, that defects will be corrected or that the site and servers are free from viruses or other harmful components. You agree that you are responsible for the means you use to access this website and understand that your hardware, software, the Internet, your Internet service provider, and other third parties involved in connecting you to our website may not perform as intended or desired. We also disclaim responsibility for damages third parties may cause to you through the use of this website, whether intentional or unintentional. For example, you understand that hackers could breach our security procedures, and that we will not be responsible for any related damages.

Thornburg Investment Management, Inc. is regulated by the U.S. Securities and Exchange under U.S. laws which may differ materially from laws in other jurisdictions.

Online Privacy and Cookie Policy

Please review our Online Privacy and Cookie Policy, which is hereby incorporated by reference as part of these terms and conditions.

Third Party Content

Certain website's content has been obtained from sources that Thornburg believes to be reliable as of the date presented but Thornburg cannot guarantee the accuracy, timeliness, completeness, or suitability for use of such content. The content does not take into account individual investor's circumstances, objectives or needs. The content is not intended as an offer or solicitation with respect to the purchase or sale of any security or other financial instrument or any investment management services, nor does it constitute investment advice and should not be used as the basis for any investment decision.

Suitability

No determination has been made regarding the suitability of any securities, financial instruments or strategies for any investor. The website's content is provided on the basis and subject to the explanations, caveats and warnings set out in this notice and elsewhere herein. The website's content does not purport to provide any legal, tax or accounting advice. Any discussion of risk management is intended to describe Thornburg's efforts to monitor and manage risk but does not imply low risk.

Limited License and Restrictions on Use

Except as otherwise stated in these terms of use or as expressly authorized by Thornburg in writing, you may not:

  • Modify, copy, distribute, transmit, post, display, perform, reproduce, publish, broadcast, license, create derivative works from, transfer, sell, or exploit any reports, data, information, content, software, RSS and podcast feeds, products, services, or other materials (collectively, "Materials") on, generated by or obtained from this website, whether through links or otherwise;
  • Redeliver any page, text, image or Materials on this website using "framing" or other technology;
  • Engage in any conduct that could damage, disable, or overburden (i) this website, (ii) any Materials or services provided through this website, or (iii) any systems, networks, servers, or accounts related to this website, including without limitation, using devices or software that provide repeated automated access to this website, other than those made generally available by Thornburg;
  • Probe, scan, or test the vulnerability of any Materials, services, systems, networks, servers, or accounts related to this website or attempt to gain unauthorized access to Materials, services, systems, networks, servers, or accounts connected or associated with this website through hacking, password or data mining, or any other means of circumventing any access-limiting, user authentication or security device of any Materials, services, systems, networks, servers, or accounts related to this website; or
  • Modify, copy, obscure, remove or display the Thornburg name, logo, trademarks, notices or images without Thornburg's express written permission. To obtain such permission, you may e-mail us at info@thornburg.com.

Severability, Governing Law

Failure by Thornburg to enforce any provision(s) of these terms and conditions shall not be construed as a waiver of any provision or right. This website is controlled and operated by Thornburg from its offices in Santa Fe, New Mexico. The laws of the State of New Mexico govern these terms and conditions. If you take legal action relating to these terms and conditions, you agree to file such action only in state or federal court in New Mexico and you consent and submit to the personal jurisdiction of those courts for the purposes of litigating any such action.

Termination

You acknowledge and agree that Thornburg may restrict, suspend or terminate these terms and conditions or your access to, and use, of the all or any part this website, including any links to third-party sites, at any time, with or without cause, including but not limited to any breach of these terms and conditions, in Thornburg's absolute discretion and without prior notice or liability.

Please read through all of the Terms and Conditions of Use above to continue.

Region

Americas

Asia Pacific

Europe

Rest of the World

Unsubscribe

Confirm you would like to unsubscribe from this list

You have unsaved changes on the page. Would you like to save them?

Remove strategy

Confirm you would like to remove this strategy from your list

Welcome to Thornburg

Please select your location and role to help personalize the site.
Decline
Give Us a Call

Fund Operations
800.847.0200

FIND ANOTHER CONTACT

Thornburg Limited Term U.S. Government Fund

Morningstar Rating  • Info

Overall Morningstar Rating among 90 Short Government funds, based on risk-adjusted returns for class R4 shares, using a weighted average of the funds three-, five-, and ten-year ratings: respectively, 1 star, 1 star and 1 star among 90, 85 and 77 funds, as of 30 Nov 2024.

As of 30 Nov 2024
Fund Assets
$127.8 M
As of 30 Nov 2024
NAV
$11.85
As of 20 Dec 2024
Change
$0.02
As of 20 Dec 2024
YTD NAV Performance
2.25%
As of 20 Dec 2024
Asset Category:
Global Fixed Income
Fund Benchmark:
Bloomberg U.S. Government Intermediate Index

Portfolio Managers

Portfolio Manager and Managing Director
Head of Fixed Income and Managing Director
Overview

Overview

Why Invest in This Fund?

 

  • Actively managed portfolio of high-quality short- to intermediate-term obligations issued by the U.S. government, designed to exhibit low or negative correlation to equities and low share price volatility.
  • Proven bottom-up fundamental approach focused on investing in short- to intermediate-term obligations issued by the U.S. government and its agencies with an average maturity of five years or less.
  • Seeks provide consistent income with the preservation of capital and lower volatility relative to core bond strategies.

Investment Objective

The fund’s goal is to provide investors as high a level of current income as is consistent with safety of capital. The fund also seeks to reduce changes in its share price compared to longer term portfolios.

Investment Approach

The Fund is an actively managed portfolio of short and intermediate obligations issued by the U.S. government, its agencies or instrumentalities, with a weighted average maturity of less than five years. The fund seeks to provide income consistent with the preservation of capital and lower volatility relative to core bond strategies

Performance

Performance

Returns

(As of 30 Sep 2024)
YTD
1y
3y
5y
10y
Inception
Total Return (%)
4.50
9.04
-0.24
0.29
0.78
3.98
Bloomberg U.S. Government Intermediate Index (%)
4.19
8.33
-0.10
0.84
1.50
4.73
Morningstar Category Avg. (%)
4.15
7.11
0.86
1.12
1.2
Morningstar Quartile
1
4
4
4
YTD
1y
3y
5y
10y
Inception
Total Return (%)
3.40
5.91
-0.49
0.05
0.59
3.93
Bloomberg U.S. Government Intermediate Index (%)
3.02
5.17
-0.37
0.60
1.27
4.68
Morningstar Category Avg. (%)
3.86
5.25
0.88
1.02
1.14
Morningstar Quartile
1
4
4
4
YTD
1y
3y
5y
10y
Inception
Total Return (%)
4.50
9.04
-0.72
1.47
8.05
321.56
Bloomberg U.S. Government Intermediate Index (%)
4.19
8.33
-0.30
4.25
16.09
449.65
YTD
1y
3y
5y
10y
Inception
Total Return (%)
3.40
5.91
-1.47
0.26
6.10
317.09
Bloomberg U.S. Government Intermediate Index (%)
3.02
5.17
-1.11
3.03
13.42
443.48
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
Total Return (%)
0.73
3.52
3.66
-1.95
-8.10
3.90
Bloomberg U.S. Government Intermediate Index (%)
1.43
5.20
5.73
-1.69
-7.73
4.30
Fund Fees

Fund Fees

(As of 1 Feb 2024)
Gross Expense Ratio (%)
2.91
Net Expense Ratio (%)
0.99
Hypothetical Growth of $10,000

Hypothetical Growth of $10,000

(As of 30 Nov 2024)
(Hypothetical Growth of $10,000 vs Bloomberg U.S. Government Intermediate Index)
Distributions

Distributions

(As of 29 Nov 2024)
Ex-Date
Payable Date
Total ($)
Income ($)
ST Cap Gains ($)
LT Cap Gains ($)
31 Jan 2014
31 Jan 2014
0
28 Feb 2014
28 Feb 2014
0.02809
0.02809
31 Mar 2014
31 Mar 2014
0.03166
0.03166
30 Apr 2014
30 Apr 2014
0.02269
0.02269
30 May 2014
31 May 2014
0.02491
0.02491
30 Jun 2014
30 Jun 2014
0.02346
0.02346
31 Jul 2014
31 Jul 2014
0.02353
0.02353
29 Aug 2014
31 Aug 2014
0.02013
0.02013
30 Sep 2014
30 Sep 2014
0.02195
0.02195
31 Oct 2014
31 Oct 2014
0.02432
0.02432
28 Nov 2014
30 Nov 2014
0.02567
0.02567
31 Dec 2014
31 Dec 2014
0.01690
0.01690
30 Jan 2015
31 Jan 2015
0.01023
0.01023
27 Feb 2015
28 Feb 2015
0.01006
0.01006
31 Mar 2015
31 Mar 2015
0.01247
0.01247
30 Apr 2015
30 Apr 2015
0.01892
0.01892
29 May 2015
31 May 2015
0.02299
0.02299
30 Jun 2015
30 Jun 2015
0.01941
0.01941
31 Jul 2015
31 Jul 2015
0.01927
0.01927
31 Aug 2015
31 Aug 2015
0.01884
0.01884
30 Sep 2015
30 Sep 2015
0.01590
0.01590
30 Oct 2015
31 Oct 2015
0.01067
0.01067
30 Nov 2015
30 Nov 2015
0.00893
0.00893
31 Dec 2015
31 Dec 2015
0.01951
0.01951
29 Jan 2016
31 Jan 2016
0.01488
0.01488
29 Feb 2016
29 Feb 2016
0.01080
0.01080
31 Mar 2016
31 Mar 2016
0.01805
0.01805
29 Apr 2016
30 Apr 2016
0.01697
0.01697
31 May 2016
31 May 2016
0.02013
0.02013
30 Jun 2016
30 Jun 2016
0.02090
0.02090
29 Jul 2016
31 Jul 2016
0.01957
0.01957
31 Aug 2016
31 Aug 2016
0.01834
0.01834
30 Sep 2016
30 Sep 2016
0.00646
0.00646
31 Oct 2016
31 Oct 2016
0.01167
0.01167
30 Nov 2016
30 Nov 2016
0.01475
0.01475
30 Dec 2016
31 Dec 2016
0.01774
0.01774
31 Jan 2017
31 Jan 2017
0.01132
0.01132
28 Feb 2017
28 Feb 2017
0.01362
0.01362
31 Mar 2017
31 Mar 2017
0.01894
0.01894
28 Apr 2017
30 Apr 2017
0.01688
0.01688
31 May 2017
31 May 2017
0.01387
0.01387
30 Jun 2017
30 Jun 2017
0.01621
0.01621
31 Jul 2017
31 Jul 2017
0.01427
0.01427
31 Aug 2017
31 Aug 2017
0.01333
0.01333
29 Sep 2017
30 Sep 2017
0.01167
0.01167
31 Oct 2017
31 Oct 2017
0.01696
0.01696
30 Nov 2017
30 Nov 2017
0.02035
0.02035
29 Dec 2017
31 Dec 2017
0.01245
0.01245
31 Jan 2018
31 Jan 2018
0.01364
0.01364
28 Feb 2018
28 Feb 2018
0.01606
0.01606
29 Mar 2018
31 Mar 2018
0.01822
0.01822
30 Apr 2018
30 Apr 2018
0.02035
0.02035
31 May 2018
31 May 2018
0.01757
0.01757
29 Jun 2018
30 Jun 2018
0.02046
0.02046
31 Jul 2018
31 Jul 2018
0.02110
0.02110
31 Aug 2018
31 Aug 2018
0.01733
0.01733
28 Sep 2018
30 Sep 2018
0.01518
0.01518
31 Oct 2018
31 Oct 2018
0.01588
0.01588
30 Nov 2018
30 Nov 2018
0.01753
0.01753
31 Dec 2018
31 Dec 2018
0.01850
0.01850
31 Jan 2019
31 Jan 2019
0.01181
0.01181
28 Feb 2019
28 Feb 2019
0.01224
0.01224
29 Mar 2019
31 Mar 2019
0.01919
0.01919
30 Apr 2019
30 Apr 2019
0.02084
0.02084
31 May 2019
31 May 2019
0.02110
0.02110
28 Jun 2019
30 Jun 2019
0.02103
0.02103
31 Jul 2019
31 Jul 2019
0.01935
0.01935
31 Aug 2019
31 Aug 2019
0.01800
0.01800
30 Sep 2019
30 Sep 2019
0.01936
0.01936
31 Oct 2019
31 Oct 2019
0.01921
0.01921
30 Nov 2019
30 Nov 2019
0.01795
0.01795
31 Dec 2019
31 Dec 2019
0.01818
0.01818
31 Jan 2020
31 Jan 2020
0.01628
0.01628
29 Feb 2020
29 Feb 2020
0.01653
0.01653
31 Mar 2020
31 Mar 2020
0.01765
0.01765
30 Apr 2020
30 Apr 2020
0.01754
0.01754
31 May 2020
31 May 2020
0.01311
0.01311
30 Jun 2020
30 Jun 2020
0.01092
0.01092
31 Jul 2020
31 Jul 2020
0.01237
0.01237
31 Aug 2020
31 Aug 2020
0.01402
0.01402
30 Sep 2020
30 Sep 2020
0.01383
0.01383
30 Oct 2020
31 Oct 2020
0.01184
0.01184
30 Nov 2020
30 Nov 2020
0.01114
0.01114
31 Dec 2020
31 Dec 2020
0.01031
0.01031
29 Jan 2021
31 Jan 2021
0.00923
0.00923
26 Feb 2021
28 Feb 2021
0.01107
0.01107
31 Mar 2021
31 Mar 2021
0.01123
0.01123
30 Apr 2021
30 Apr 2021
0.01183
0.01183
28 May 2021
31 May 2021
0.01281
0.01281
30 Jun 2021
30 Jun 2021
0.01377
0.01377
30 Jul 2021
31 Jul 2021
0.01316
0.01316
31 Aug 2021
31 Aug 2021
0.01338
0.01338
30 Sep 2021
30 Sep 2021
0.01177
0.01177
29 Oct 2021
31 Oct 2021
0.00941
0.00941
30 Nov 2021
30 Nov 2021
0.01034
0.01034
31 Dec 2021
31 Dec 2021
0.01319
0.01319
31 Jan 2022
31 Jan 2022
0.01147
0.01147
28 Feb 2022
28 Feb 2022
0.01125
0.01125
31 Mar 2022
31 Mar 2022
0.01488
0.01488
29 Apr 2022
30 Apr 2022
0.01601
0.01601
31 May 2022
31 May 2022
0.02061
0.02061
30 Jun 2022
30 Jun 2022
0.01483
0.01483
29 Jul 2022
31 Jul 2022
0.01981
0.01981
31 Aug 2022
31 Aug 2022
0.02549
0.02549
30 Sep 2022
30 Sep 2022
0.01169
0.01169
31 Oct 2022
31 Oct 2022
0.01208
0.01208
30 Nov 2022
30 Nov 2022
0.01751
0.01751
30 Dec 2022
31 Dec 2022
0.02062
0.02062
31 Jan 2023
31 Jan 2023
0.01311
0.01311
28 Feb 2023
28 Feb 2023
0.01116
0.01116
31 Mar 2023
31 Mar 2023
0.02832
0.02832
28 Apr 2023
30 Apr 2023
0.02598
0.02598
31 May 2023
31 May 2023
0.02252
0.02252
30 Jun 2023
30 Jun 2023
0.02484
0.02484
31 Jul 2023
31 Jul 2023
0.02255
0.02255
31 Aug 2023
31 Aug 2023
0.02411
0.02411
29 Sep 2023
30 Sep 2023
0.02217
0.02217
31 Oct 2023
31 Oct 2023
0.02688
0.02688
30 Nov 2023
30 Nov 2023
0.02612
0.02612
29 Dec 2023
31 Dec 2023
0.02251
0.02251
31 Jan 2024
31 Jan 2024
0.02038
0.02038
29 Feb 2024
29 Feb 2024
0.02281
0.02281
28 Mar 2024
31 Mar 2024
0.03020
0.03020
30 Apr 2024
30 Apr 2024
0.03232
0.03232
31 May 2024
31 May 2024
0.03313
0.03313
28 Jun 2024
30 Jun 2024
0.02772
0.02772
31 Jul 2024
31 Jul 2024
0.02462
0.02462
30 Aug 2024
31 Aug 2024
0.02125
0.02125
30 Sep 2024
30 Sep 2024
0.02400
0.02400
31 Oct 2024
31 Oct 2024
0.02449
0.02449
29 Nov 2024
30 Nov 2024
0.02630
0.02630
Fund Facts

Fund Facts

(As of 30 Nov 2024)
Net Fund Assets
$127.8 M
Benchmark
Bloomberg U.S. Government Intermediate Index
Morningstar Category
Short Government
Fund Symbol
LTUGX
Share Class
R4
Share Class Inception Date
1 Feb 2014
Number of Holdings
156
Portfolio Turnover
32%
Distribution Frequency
Monthly
30-Day SEC Yield (Subsidized)
2.62%
30-Day SEC Yield (Unsubsidized)
1.38%
Annualized Distribution Yield
2.63%
Characteristics

Characteristics

Portfolio

(As of 30 Nov 2024)
Portfolio
Benchmark
Effective Duration
4.2 Yrs
3.5 Yrs
Average Effective Maturity
5.5 Yrs
3.9 Yrs
Portfolio
Benchmark
Weighted Average Coupon
2.5%
3.0%
Yield to Worst
4.6%
4.2%
Risk & Return Profile

Risk & Return Profile

(As of 30 Nov 2024)
3y
5y
10y
Beta
1.07
0.98
0.88
R-Squared (%)
95.85
88.70
86.53
Standard Deviation (%)
5.01
4.02
3.02
Sharpe Ratio
-0.81
-0.52
-0.26
Information Ratio
0.20
-0.14
-0.26
Up Capture (%)
109.64
99.15
85.71
Down Capture (%)
105.87
102.83
89.35
Portfolio

Portfolio

Top Holdings

(As of 31 Oct 2024)
Name
Ticker/Symbol
Weight %
United States Treasury Inflation Indexed Bonds
91282CBF7
7.0
Fannie Mae Pool
3140XMZX7
4.4
United States Treasury Inflation Indexed Bonds
91282CEJ6
2.7
FARM 21-1 Mortgage Trust
30768WAA6
2.5
Caledonia Generating LLC
129268AB4
2.2
United States Treasury Inflation Indexed Bonds
912810PV4
1.9
Fannie Mae Pool
31418D2Y7
1.8
United States Treasury Note/Bond
91282CGQ8
1.8
United States Treasury Note/Bond
91282CHC8
1.8
Freddie Mac Seasoned Credit Risk Transfer Trust 2017-4
35563PDD8
1.7
Exposure Breakdown

Exposure Breakdown

(As of 30 Nov 2024)
Sector Allocation
Fund (%)
Benchmark (%)

Fund

Benchmark

0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Mortgage Passthrough
34.2
Collateralized Mortgage Obligation
26.0
Treasury-Domestic
23.4
98.1
Agency Debenture
4.5
1.9
Commercial Mortgage Backed Security
4.1
Asset Backed Securities
4.0
Cash & Cash Equivalents
2.5
Corporate
1.2
Sector Allocation
Fund (%)
Mortgage Passthrough
34.2
Collateralized Mortgage Obligation
26.0
Treasury-Domestic
23.4
Agency Debenture
4.5
Commercial Mortgage Backed Security
4.1
Asset Backed Securities
4.0
Cash & Cash Equivalents
2.5
Corporate
1.2
Credit Quality
Fund (%)
Benchmark (%)

Fund

Benchmark

0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
U.S. Government
97.5
100.0
Cash & Cash Equivalents
2.5
Credit Quality
Fund (%)
U.S. Government
97.5
Cash & Cash Equivalents
2.5
Maturity
Fund (%)
Benchmark (%)

Fund

Benchmark

0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
Year 1
3.7
2.4
Year 2
5.0
24.0
Year 3
14.5
17.6
Year 4
11.8
14.5
Year 5
15.3
14.2
Year 6
6.1
7.4
Year 7
8.6
8.5
Year 8
3.4
3.7
Year 9
8.1
4.1
Year 10+
20.8
3.6
Cash
2.5
Maturity
Fund (%)
Year 1
3.7
Year 2
5.0
Year 3
14.5
Year 4
11.8
Year 5
15.3
Year 6
6.1
Year 7
8.6
Year 8
3.4
Year 9
8.1
Year 10+
20.8
Cash
2.5
Portfolio Managers

Portfolio Managers

Lon Erickson, CFA

Lon Erickson, CFA

Portfolio Manager and Managing Director
Lon Erickson is portfolio manager for Thornburg Investment Management. He joined Thornburg in 2008 and was named a managing director and was promoted to portfolio manager in 2010. Prior to joining Thornburg Investment Management, Lon spent almost 11 years as an analyst for State Farm Insurance in the equity and corporate bond departments. Lon earned a bachelor’s degree in business…
Learn More
Christian Hoffmann, CFA

Christian Hoffmann, CFA

Head of Fixed Income and Managing Director
Christian Hoffmann is head of fixed income and a portfolio manager for Thornburg Investment Management. He joined the firm in 2012 as a fixed income analyst and was promoted to associate portfolio manager in 2014. Christian was named a managing director in 2017, was promoted to portfolio manager in 2018, and to head of fixed income in 2024. Prior to…
Learn More

More Insights

High Speed Motion Blur from a subway train
Municipal Bonds

State of Mass Public Transit: Moving Forward or Spinning Its Wheels?

See what trends in ridership and farebox revenue reveal about the state of mass public transit systems in New York, Chicago, and the Bay Area.
The United States Treasury Department in Washington D.C.
Fixed Income

The Decline of US Treasuries? What Treasury Auctions Reveal

Despite the perceived weakness, we believe there are three critical indicators that reveal the strength of investor demand for U.S. government debt.
Man smiles as he walks through an office space with his laptop open
Real Estate

Restructuring and Refinancing Opportunities in Commercial Real Estate

Certain sectors of commercial real estate are stressed, but pockets of opportunity exist. Learn how investors can capitalize on debt restructuring & refinancing.
Racers at the finish line on a track
Global Equity

Forget the Magnificent 7 – Why You Should Invest in Europe’s Fantastic 5

Europe has its own crop of market-beating growth stocks that are overlooked compared to the Magnificent Seven in the US.
Two men stand in a desert holding a rope pulling against each other
Markets & Economy

Value vs. Growth: Does Another Fed Hike Matter?

Discover why value and income-oriented stocks are set to outperform in today's market dominated by rising interest rates and persistent inflation.
Woman calculates some financial decisions over her desk.
Markets & Economy

The Value of Dividends and Munis to Stoke Income

Explore the impact of high dividend stocks and municipal bonds in a rising rate environment amid increasing government debt and new administrative policies.